Regresión logística / Logistic regression

La regresión logística es un grupo de técnicas estadísticas que tienen como objetivo comprobar hipótesis o relaciones causales entre una variable dependiente categórica y otras variables independientes que pueden ser categóricas y cuantitativas. Mediante este modelo pretendemos estudiar la probabilidad de que ocurra el evento estudiado en función de unas variables que suponemos que son relevantes o influyentes. En este método es necesario detectar las variables modificadoras de efecto y las de confusión. Sus parámetros se estiman con el método de la máxima verosimilitud a través de un proceso con sucesivas iteraciones (AU)

Logistic regression is a group of statistical techniques that aim to test hypotheses or causal relationships between a categorical dependent variable and other independent variables that can be categorical and quantitative. Through this model we intend to study the probability that the event studied will occur based on some variables that we assume are relevant or influential. In this method it is necessary to detect effect modifier and confounding variables. Its parameters are estimated with the maximum likelihood method through a process with successive iterations (AU)

[Logistic regression]. / Regresión logística.

Logistic regression is a group of statistical techniques that aim to test hypotheses or causal relationships between a categorical dependent variable and other independent variables that can be categorical and quantitative. Through this model we intend to study the probability that the event studied will occur based on some variables that we assume are relevant or influential. In this method it is necessary to detect effect modifier and confounding variables. Its parameters are estimated with the maximum likelihood method through a process with successive iterations.

Análisis de supervivencia / Survival analysis

El análisis de supervivencia es un método estadístico que valora el tiempo entre un evento inicial (inclusión del sujeto en el estudio) y uno final, que sucede cuando este presenta una característica definida con anterioridad (evento). Su objetivo es estimar, teniendo en cuenta la variable tiempo, la probabilidad de que ocurra un suceso determinado. Tiene la particularidad de aceptar tiempos incompletos de participación y asumir que todos los factores implicados en el estudio son homogéneos. Existen varios métodos para calcular la probabilidad de supervivencia; los más utilizados son los de Kaplan-Meier y el actuarial (AU)

Survival analysis is a statistical method that assesses the time between an initial event (inclusion of the subject in the study) and a final event, which occurs when the subject presents a previously defined characteristic. Its objective is to estimate, taking into account the time variable, the probability of a certain event occurring. It has the particularity of accepting incomplete participation times and assuming that all the factors involved in the study are homogeneous. There are several methods to calculate the probability of survival, the most used are the Kaplan-Meier and the actuarial (AU)

[Survival analysis]. / Análisis de supervivencia.

Survival analysis is a statistical method that assesses the time between an initial event (inclusion of the subject in the study) and a final event, which occurs when the subject presents a previously defined characteristic. Its objective is to estimate, taking into account the time variable, the probability of a certain event occurring. It has the particularity of accepting incomplete participation times and assuming that all the factors involved in the study are homogeneous. There are several methods to calculate the probability of survival, the most used are the Kaplan-Meier and the actuarial.

Coeficiente de correlación intraclase / Intraclass correlation coefficient

El coeficiente de correlación intraclase permite medir la concordancia general entre dos o más mediciones que implican variables de carácter cuantitativo, obtenidas estas con diferentes instrumentos de medida o evaluadores. Se basa en un modelo de análisis de varianza con medidas repetidas. Su uso solo es posible si existe normalidad de las distribuciones de las variables, igualdad de varianzas e independencia entre los errores producidos por los observadores (AU)

The intraclass correlation coefficient makes it possible to measure the general concordance between two or more measurements that involve variables of a quantitative nature, obtained with different measuring instruments or evaluators. It is based on an analysis of variance model with repeated measures. Its use is only possible if there is normality of the distributions of the variables, equality of variances and independence between the errors produced by the observers (AU)

La curva ROC / ROC curve

La curva ROC es una herramienta estadística que se utiliza para evaluar la capacidad discriminativa de una prueba diagnóstica dicotómica. Se trata de curvas en las que se presenta la sensibilidad en función de los falsos positivos (complementario de la especificidad) para distintos puntos de corte. Son útiles para elegir el punto de corte más adecuado de una prueba, conocer el rendimiento global de esta y comparar la capacidad discriminativa de 2 o más pruebas diagnósticas. (AU)

The ROC curve is a statistical tool used to evaluate the discriminative capacity of a dichotomous diagnostic test. These are curves in which sensitivity is presented as a function of false positives (complementary to specificity) for different cut-off points. They are useful for choosing the most appropriate cut-off point for a test, knowing its overall performance and comparing the discriminative capacity of 2 or more diagnostic tests. (AU)

[ROC curve]. / La curva ROC.

The ROC curve is a statistical tool used to evaluate the discriminative capacity of a dichotomous diagnostic test. These are curves in which sensitivity is presented as a function of false positives (complementary to specificity) for different cut-off points. They are useful for choosing the most appropriate cut-off point for a test, knowing its overall performance and comparing the discriminative capacity of 2 or more diagnostic tests.

[Intraclass correlation coefficient]. / Coeficiente de correlación intraclase.

The intraclass correlation coefficient makes it possible to measure the general concordance between two or more measurements that involve variables of a quantitative nature, obtained with different measuring instruments or evaluators. It is based on an analysis of variance model with repeated measures. Its use is only possible if there is normality of the distributions of the variables, equality of variances and independence between the errors produced by the observers.

Comparison of the Allometry Coefficient of the Length-Weight and Length-Length Relationship between Selene brownii, S. vomer and S. setapinnis Caught in the Gulf of Mexico / Comparación del Coeficiente de Alometría de la Relación Talla-Peso y Longitud-Longitud entre Selene brownii, S. vomer y S. setapinnis Capturados en el Golfo de México

This work presents a comparison of the length-weight and length-length allometric relationships between six measurements: length pattern (LP), cephalic length (CL), maximum depth (MA), caudal peduncle depth (CPD) ocular diameter (OD) and weight (W) of three species of the genus Selene (S. brownii, S. vomer and S. setapinnis) caught in the port of Veracruz, Mexico, using a beach seine of 800 m. The results show certain relationships between all measurements of S. brownii (an isometric relationship and four negative allometric relationships); S. vomer showed only four relationships (two isometric and two negative allometric); and S. setapinnis showed three relationships (all negative allometric); the results of S. vomer and S. setapinnis are consistent with those reported by Muto et al. (2010). The comparison of the coefficients of allometry between the three species allowed us to determine that S. brownii and S. vomer differed significantly in two of the four allometric coefficients of length-weight relationships common to them, and in three of the four allometric coefficients of length-length relationships common to them. S. brownii and S. setapinnis differed significantly in two of the three allometric coefficients of length-weight relationships common to them and in the only allometric coefficient of length-length relationships common to them. Finally, S. vomer and S. setapinnis differed significantly in the three common allometric coefficients of length-weight relationships, and in the only common allometric coefficient of length-length relationship.

En este trabajo se presentan las comparaciones de las relaciones alométricas de longitud- peso y longitud-longitud de seis medidas (longitud patrón (LP), longitud cefálica (LC), amplitud máxima (AM), amplitud del pedúnculo (AP), diámetro ocular (DO) y Peso (W) de tres especies del género Selene (S. brownii, S. vomer y S. setapinnis) capturados en el puerto de Veracruz México, mediante el uso de un chinchorro playero de 800 m. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que S. brownii posee relaciones entre todas sus medidas (una isométrica y cuatro alométricas negativas), S. vomer posee solo cuatro relaciones (dos isométricas y dos alométricas negativas) y S. setapinnis posee tres relaciones (todas alométricas negativas), los resultados de S. vomer y S. setapinnis concuerdan con los reportados por Muto et al. (2010). Al comparar los coeficientes de alometría entre las tres especies se pudo determinar que S. brownii y S. vomer difieren significativamente en dos de los cuatro coeficientes alométricos comunes en las relaciones longitud-peso, y tres de los cuatro coeficientes alométricos comunes en las relaciones longitud-longitud; S. brownii y S. setapinnis difieren significativamente en dos de los tres coeficientes alométricos comunes en las relaciones longitud-peso y en el único coeficiente alométricos común en las relaciones longitud-longitud; por último S. vomer y S. setapinnis difieren significativamente en los tres coeficientes alométricos comunes en la relaciones longitud-peso, y en el único coeficiente alométrico común en las relaciones longitud-longitud.

[Epidemiology of parkinsonism in the Guadalajara Health Area]. / Epidemiología del parkinsonismo en el Área de Salud de Guadalajara.

OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine the prevalence of Parkinson syndromes in the Guadalajara Health Area and its Basic Health Zones, as well as the typology of the Parkinson's disease; 2) to determine the distribution of antiparkinsonian medication use in the whole Area, and 3) to evaluate the cost per person and per year of this use according to the criteria of sex and age. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive cross-sectional study including 1,352 subjects affected by parkinsonism in the Guadalajara Area of both sexes and all ages. The variables measured were age, sex, environment, diagnosis, typology of the Parkinson's disease using the Hoehn and Yahr index, treatment, total cost and mean cost of the treatment per person per year. Prevalences were calculated, and the appropriate descriptive statistics were used. RESULTS: The prevalence of parkinsonism was 585/10(5) inhabitants, being higher in a rural environment (P<.05), in females (P<.01) and in subjects over 90 years (P<.01). The majority suffered from Parkinson's disease (P<.001), of whom 43.4% had symptoms equivalent to Yahr grade II (P<.001). The active ingredient most used was levodopa/carbidopa (51.3%) (P<.001) and the mean drug cost per person was 514.37€. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of parkinsonism is similar to that in the rest of the country, although in our study there is a predominance of females and it is in a rural environment. Levodopa is the drug most used, and the mean therapeutic cost per person is similar to the rest of Spain.

Severity of menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular and osteoporosis risk factors.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether the severity of menopausal symptoms is related to increased cardiovascular and osteoporosis risk factors, and to determine whether women with more severe menopausal symptoms present a greater percentage of osteoporosis disease. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study encompassing women aged 45-65 years in the whole Spanish territory. The study population sample was collected through random sampling. A total of 10 514 women were included. Their sociodemographic, medical history and lifestyle data were assessed by means of a survey. The Kupperman Index was used to assess the severity of menopausal symptoms. Bone mineral density was measured by the dual X-ray absorptiometry method. RESULTS: The prevalences of risk factors for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease were 67.6% and 74.8%, respectively. Women with a higher intensity of symptoms also had a greater percentage of cardiovascular (p < 0.001) and osteoporosis (p < 0.001) risk factors and suffered more from osteoporosis disease (p < 0.001). In the logistic regression analysis, those variables that contributed to the severity of menopausal symptoms were: arterial hypertension (odds ratio (OR) 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.49-2.79; p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.48-2.4; p < 0.001), obesity (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.55-2.91; p < 0.001), family history (OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.17-1.59; p < 0.01), medication use (OR 1.12; 95% CI 0.52-1.72; p < 0.01) and osteoporosis disease (OR 3.71; 95% CI 2.9-4.52; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Women with more severe menopausal symptoms had a greater prevalence of cardiovascular and osteoporosis disease risk factors and suffered more from osteoporosis disease compared to those who had milder or no menopausal symptoms.

El caso clínico en medicina general / The clinical case in general medicine

No disponible

[Seroprevalence of three types of hepatotropic virus in a population of adolescents of the province of Guadalajara]. / Seroprevalencia de tres tipos de virus hepatotropos en población adolescente de la provincia de Guadalajara.

BACKGROUND: Viral forms of hepatitis are one of the most infectious disease groups most often encountered in human pathology, and although most are benign, some can evolve into chronic forms. The purpose of this study is that of ascertaining the prevalence of hepatitis C, Epstein-Barr and human herpesvirus-6 infections among eighth-graders (13-14 years of age) and to related the same to variables regarding the gender and environment (rural or urban) in which they were living. METHODS: Descriptive, transversal study of a representative sample of the eighth-grade population in the province of Guadalajara during the 1998-1999 period. Systematic random sampling layered by gender and school (multi-stage sample format). The rate of specific IgG antibodies was determined using the ELISA technique. RESULTS: A study was conducted of 268 school-age children (46.6% males). The prevalence of Epstein-Barr antibodies was of 73.5% (CI: 67.9%-78.5%); 72% (CI: 64%-80%) among the males and of 74.8% (CI: 67.7%-81.9%) among the females (NS); 65.6% (CI: 57.4%-73.8%) residing in an urban environment and 80.7% in a rural environment (p < 0.05). The prevalence of those who tested positive for the hepatitis virus was that of 0.7%--two individuals, both females, one of whom resided in an urban environment and the other in a rural environment. For herpesvirus-6, the prevalence was of 82.4% (CI: 77.9%-86.9%); 81.5% (CI: 74.7%-88.3%) among the males and of 83.2% (CI: 77.1%-89.3%) among the females (NS), 86.7% (CI: 80.4%-92.2%) residing in an urban environment and 78.5% (CI: 73.1%-86.5%) in a rural environment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of Epstein-Barr and human herpesvirus-6 and low degree as regards VHC is high, which tallies with the characteristics of the environment and age of the individuals under study.

Actividades de ocio-tiempo libre y paseo fuera del hogar en ancianos de la provincia de Guadalajara / Leisure/free time activities and walking outside the home among the elderly in the province of guadalajara

Objetivo. Conocer cuáles son las actividades de ocio-tiempo libre y paseo diario en ancianos de la provincia de Guadalajara, en la hipótesis que éstas son susceptibles de mejorarse. Diseño. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, transversal, de base poblacional. Emplazamiento. Efectuado en el ámbito comunitario, en el marco de la atención primaria. Participantes. Personas mayores de 65 años, sin deterioro cognitivo y residentes en la comunidad, seleccionados de modo aleatorio a partir de bases de datos poblacionales. La muestra finalmente estudiada está compuesta en el medio rural por 192 varones y 196 mujeres. En el medio urbano por 172 varones y 220 mujeres. Intervenciones. Cada persona era entrevistada en su domicilio o en el centro de salud según sus preferencias mediante cuestionario, previamente sometido a estudio de estabilidad en las respuestas mediante coeficiente kappa test-retest. Efectuamos cribado de deterioro cognitivo mediante test de Pfeiffer. Resultados principales. Caminan menos de media hora al día en el medio rural un 43,6 por ciento (IC, 38,6-48,7) de los ancianos y el 34,4 por ciento (IC, 29,8-39,4) en el medio urbano. En el caso de los varones, un 24,7 por ciento (IC, 20,4-29,6) y en las mujeres el 51,4 por ciento (IC, 46,5-56,3). Las diferencias son significativas en ambos casos. No tienen aficiones en el medio rural un 12,1 por ciento (IC, 9,1-15,9) de los ancianos y el 9,4 por ciento (IC, 6,8-12,9) en el urbano. En el caso de los varones, un 11,3 por ciento (8,315,1) y el 10,1 por ciento (IC, 7,5-13,5) en las mujeres. No existen diferencias significativas. Conclusiones. Es necesario fomentar las actividades de ocio-tiempo libre, pero sobre todo el paseo diario superior a media hora en las personas mayores de 65 años de la provincia de Guadalajara (AU)

Factores relacionados con la accidentalidad en personas mayores de 65 años de la provincia de Guadalajara / Factors related with risk of accidents among persons over 65 in the province of Guadalajara, Spain

Objetivos: Pretendemos estudiar aquellos factores que pueden potenciar el riesgo de accidentes en ancianos, sin deterioro cognitivo, de la provincia de Guadalajara. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio observacional transversal, en el ámbito de la atención primaria, diferenciando ámbito urbano y rural. Aplicamos un cuestionario (con pilotaje previo y estudio de fiabilidad mediante análisis de estabilidad en las respuestas a partir de coeficiente kappa), a una muestra aleatoria estratificada, polietápica y proporcional según edad, sexo y núcleos de población. Las variables estudiadas fueron: situación de convivencia, tipo de vivienda, barreras arquitectónicas en el hogar, sistema de calefacción, revisión periódica visual y auditiva, uso de lentes correctoras y audífonos, seguridad vial y variables sociodemográficas. Efectuamos el análisis de datos mediante procedimientos propios de la estadística descriptiva, analítica y multivariante por regresión logística. La muestra seleccionada la componían 473 personas en el medio rural y 477 en el urbano. La muestra finalmente estudiada incluía 388 personas en el medio rural y 392 en el urbano. El porcentaje de pérdidas oscila entre el 16 por ciento (varones del ámbito rural) y el 26 por ciento (mujeres del ámbito rural).Resultados: El tipo de vivienda es diferente dependiendo del ámbito, predominando las casas de planta baja en el medio rural; supera el 80 por ciento en todos los casos el número de los hogares que tienen entre una y cuatro barreras arquitectónicas, destacando la ausencia de asideros en los lavabos, la presencia de alfombras, de moquetas y los desniveles y escaleras interiores. El porcentaje de ancianos que efectúan revisión visual o auditiva menos de una vez al año, es mayor al 75 por ciento en el caso de la vista y al 90 por ciento en la audición, cualquiera que sea el ámbito. A pesar de la obligatoriedad, no utilizan el cinturón de seguridad entre el 3 y el 7 por ciento de los ancianos. Conclusiones: Encontramos una alta prevalencia de condiciones que pueden aumentar la accidentalidad en personas mayores de 65 años de nuestra provincia. El estudio pone de relieve la necesidad de implementar medidas correctoras (AU)

[Personal care habits of individuals over age 65 having no cognitive impairment and residing in the Guadalajara Health Care District]. / Hábitos higiénicos en personas mayores de 65 años del área sanitaria de Guadalajara, sin deterioro cognitivo y residentes en la comunidad.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is that of ascertaining the characteristics of the personal care habits of those individuals over age 65 who have no cognitive impairment within the province of Guadalajara who are residents of the community based on the hypotheses that the same are deficient and therefore subject to improvement. METHODS: This is an observational, analytical cross-sectional study within a Primary Care, distinguishing between the urban and rural environments. A questionnaire (involving prior trial and reliability study by means of an analysis of the stability of the answers based on a kappa factor) was given out to a random, layered ample divided into different stages and proportional by age, gender and centers of population. An analysis was conducted of the following variables: A) Personal care habits. A. Personal care--daily washing/dressing: procedure and frequency, Hair Care, Always washing hands before eating and after going to the bathroom; Shaving for men, Oral hygiene. b. Sleep routine. B) Sociodemographic variables. The data was analyzed using proprietary descriptive, analytical and multivariable logistic regression procedures. RESULTS: The losses fell within the 16%-26% range (refusal was found to be the leading cause in the rural environmental and non-location in the urban environment). The sample finally studied included 388 individuals in the rural environment and 392 individuals in the urban environment. Half showered and washed their hair at least once a week. As high as 15% doe not wash always wash their hands before eating and as high as 44% do not do so after going to the bathroom. Over 50% of the males shave using the correct procedure. A high percentage of those missing part of their teeth as well as those completely toothless do not use dentures, and those who do are lacking in hygiene. Sleep routines shows better results. CONCLUSIONS: Personal care habits among senior citizens in our province are patently subject to improvement in all of the aspects analyzed, especially in the rural environment and among males. This should be a priority task under the charge of anyone assigned to the Primary Care Teams.

Hábitos alimentarios en personas mayores de 65 años del Área Sanitaria de Guadalajara, sin deterioro cognitivo y residentes en la comunidad / Eating habits on persons over 65 in the health area of Guadalajara, without cognitive deterioration and residents and non institutionalized

OBJETIVO: Conocer las características de los hábitos alimentarios en personas mayores de 65 años, sin deterioro cognitivo y residentes en la comunidad. DISEÑO: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, de base poblacional, con distribución aleatoria. EMPLAZAMIENTO: A nivel comunitario, en el marco de la atención primaria, incluye toda la provincia. PERSONAS: Muestra finalmente necesaria, con unas pérdidas teóricas del 26 por ciento, compuesta por 473 personas (228 varones y 245 mujeres) en el medio rural y 477 personas en el medio urbano (210 varones y 267 mujeres). Muestra finalmente estudiada, tras las pérdidas (en el ámbito rural la mayoría por negativa y en el urbano, por no localización-cambio de domicilio), de 388 personas en el medio rural y 392 en el medio urbano. INTERVENCIONES: Por medio de cuestionario, previo estudio de la fiabilidad en las respuestas mediante test-retest, analizamos las variables que determinan los hábitos alimentarios. Cribado de deterioro cognitivo, a cada participante, mediante test de Pfeiffer (SPMSQ). MEDICIONES Y RESULTADOS PRINCIPALES: Consumo de alcohol (30 por ciento V, 5 por ciento M), Café ( 95 por ciento), Tendencia no cenar ( 20 por ciento), Grasa visible (> 60 por ciento), Líquidos adecuados ( 75 por ciento), Consumo semanal en frecuencia saludable, peor en el caso de legumbres y verduras, Dieta saludable (< 45 por ciento). CONCLUSIONES: Hábitos alimentarios con notables deficiencias en el colectivo de ancianos de nuestra provincia, sin distinción de sexo ni ámbito. Sería necesario implementar medidas correctoras (AU)